The early twentieth century saw an effort among White Americans in the United States to promote American Indian arts and crafts, particularly in the Southwest. Some scholars see this effort as part of the broader arts and crafts movement active in Britain and the United States at the time, whose adherents sought a sense of authenticity in works of preindustrial cultures and production modes as a reaction against mass industrialization. Other scholars have argued that the proponents of American Indian arts and crafts consciously attempted to transform the Southwestern economy from one known primarily for ranching, agriculture, and mining to one known for its picturesque scenery and native culture. While insightful, these explanations neglect two significant aspects of the American Indian arts and crafts movement: it was almost exclusively a women's phenomenon, and it was highly heterogeneous.