The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if A. Congress' authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged B. the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education C. the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving non-racial groups D. most state governments had been willing to protect citizens' civil rights E. its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment